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Romanisation of Bengali
The Romanisation of Bengali is the representation of the Bengali language in the Latin script. There are various ways of Romanisation systems of Bengali created in recent years which have failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. While different standards for romanisation have been proposed for Bengali, these have not been adopted with the degree of uniformity seen in languages such as Japanese or Sanskrit.〔In Japanese there exists some debate as to whether to accent certain distinctions, such as Tōhoku vs Tohoku. Sanskrit is well standardized, because the speaking community is relatively small, and sound change is not a large concern〕 The Bengali script has often been included with the group of Indic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the "International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration" or IAST system (based on diacritics), "Indian languages Transliteration" or ITRANS (uses upper case alphabets suited for ASCII keyboards),〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=ITRANS — Indian Language Transliteration Package )〕 and the National Library at Calcutta romanisation.
In the context of Bengali Romanisation, it is important to distinguish transliteration from transcription. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). Since English does not have the sounds of Bengali, and since pronunciation does not completely reflect the spellings, not being faithful to both.
Although it might be desirable to use a transliteration scheme where the original Bengali orthography is recoverable from the Latin text, Bengali words are currently Romanised on Wikipedia using a phonemic transcription, where the true phonetic pronunciation of Bengali is represented with no reference to how it is written. The Wikipedia Romanisation scheme is given in the table below, with the IPA transcriptions as used above.
==History==
The Portuguese missionaries stationed in Bengal in the 16th century were the first people to employ the Latin alphabet in writing Bengali books, the most famous of which are the ''Crepar Xaxtrer Orth, Bhed'' and the ''Vocabolario em idioma Bengalla, e Portuguez dividido em duas partes'', both written by Manuel da Assumpção. But the Portuguese-based romanisation did not take root. In the late 18th century Augustin Aussant used a romanisation scheme based on the French alphabet. At the same time, Nathaniel Brassey Halhed used a romanisation scheme based on English for his Bengali grammar book. After Halhed, the renowned English philologist and oriental scholar Sir William Jones devised a romanisation scheme for Bengali and for Indian languages in general, and published it in the ''Asiatick Researches'' journal in 1801.〔Jones 1801〕 This scheme came to be known as the "Jonesian System" of romanisation, and served as a model for the next century and a half.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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